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综述

胎儿生长受限的病因和孕期监测方法

  • 郭施 1 ,
  • 钟惠敏 1 ,
  • 肖国宏 , 1,
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  • 1.510260 广州 广州医科大学附属第二医院妇产科
通信作者:肖国宏,Email:

Copy editor: 郎素慧

收稿日期: 2021-07-19

  网络出版日期: 2022-07-08

基金资助

广州医科大学附属第二医院2021年临床研究项目(2021-LCYJ-03)

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未经授权,不得转载、摘编本刊文章,不得使用本刊的版式设计,除非特别声明,本刊刊出的所有文章不代表中华医学会和本刊编委会的观点。本刊为电子期刊,以网刊形式出版。

Causes of fetal growth restriction and monitoring methods during pregnancy

  • Shi Guo 1 ,
  • Huimin Zhong 1 ,
  • Guohong Xiao , 1
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Received date: 2021-07-19

  Online published: 2022-07-08

Copyright

Copyright by Chinese Medical Association No content published by the journals of Chinese Medical Association may be reproduced or abridged without authorization. Please do not use or copy the layout and design of the journals without permission. All articles published represent the opinions of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy of the Chinese Medical Association or the Editorial Board, unless this is clearly specified.

摘要

胎儿生长受限(fetal growth restriction, FGR)是指胎儿生长未达到其生长潜能,超声估测胎儿体重或胎儿腹围低于同胎龄胎儿的第10个百分位,根据诊断时间分为早发型(<32周)和晚发型(≥32周)[1]。FGR是妊娠的常见并发症之一,并且与多种不良的围产结局有关[2],是死产和后代神经发育不良的主要原因。FGR发生率约为3%~7%,分为对称型和不对称型[3]。在妊娠32周之前被诊断FGR的胎儿,胎儿存活率为81%[4]。妊娠期FGR的病因极为复杂,多种相关因素均可导致FGR。据文献报道,怀孕期间使用阿司匹林预防FGR的有效性仍不确定[5]。妊娠期诊断FGR后,FGR的孕期治疗不一定有效,相对而言,FGR的孕期监护比孕期治疗更为重要。本文仅就FGR的病因及FGR的孕期监护方法进行综述。

本文引用格式

郭施 , 钟惠敏 , 肖国宏 . 胎儿生长受限的病因和孕期监测方法[J]. 中华产科急救电子杂志, 2022 , 11(02) : 125 -128 . DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3259.2022.02.014

胎儿生长受限(fetal growth restriction, FGR)是指胎儿生长未达到其生长潜能,超声估测胎儿体重或胎儿腹围低于同胎龄胎儿的第10个百分位,根据诊断时间分为早发型(<32周)和晚发型(≥32周)[1]。FGR是妊娠的常见并发症之一,并且与多种不良的围产结局有关[2],是死产和后代神经发育不良的主要原因。FGR发生率约为3%~7%,分为对称型和不对称型[3]。在妊娠32周之前被诊断FGR的胎儿,胎儿存活率为81%[4]。妊娠期FGR的病因极为复杂,多种相关因素均可导致FGR。据文献报道,怀孕期间使用阿司匹林预防FGR的有效性仍不确定[5]。妊娠期诊断FGR后,FGR的孕期治疗不一定有效,相对而言,FGR的孕期监护比孕期治疗更为重要。本文仅就FGR的病因及FGR的孕期监护方法进行综述。

一、FGR的病因

(一)孕妇因素

有文献报道,妊娠合并FGR的孕妇的血液动力学功能受损,表现为下降的心率、心输出量以及升高的全身血管阻力、平均动脉压和子宫动脉阻力[6]。孕期密切监测孕妇的血液动力学指标,可以早期发现FGR。多种母体因素可引起FGR的发生,孕妇年龄≤16岁或≥35岁、生活在高海拔地区、妊娠期间繁重的体力劳动、妊娠间隔时间≤6个月或≥10年、体外受精-胚胎移植、妊娠期间孕妇体重增长不佳,合并支气管哮喘或先天性心脏病,合并高血压或糖尿病、系统性红斑狼疮、肺结核等都会影响胎儿的生长,都可能是导致FGR的母体病因[7]。还有多种母体因素,如母体多胎妊娠,接触使用致畸风险的药物,包括抗肿瘤药物环磷酰胺、抗癫痫药物丙戊酸和抗血栓药物华法林。

(二)胎儿因素

妊娠期间胎儿的染色体异常可表现为胎儿生长受限。与早期FGR和严重FGR胎儿相关的最常见的染色体异常是三倍体和18-三体,最常见的亚显微染色体异常是22q11.2微缺失综合征(Di George综合征)[8]。一项回顾性研究分析了128个FGR胎儿发现,早发型FGR和晚发型FGR中,染色体异常占比分别为12.7%和1.8%,早发型FGR的染色体异常发生率明显比晚发型FGR的高,对于FGR的胎儿建议行染色体检查,特别是早发型FGR[9]。合并结构畸形,但没有染色体异常的胎儿发生FGR的风险增加,比如患有先天性心脏病的胎儿和患有腹裂症的胎儿等[10,11]

(三)胎盘和脐带因素

造成FGR公认的因素是胎盘功能受损,最常见的病因是胎盘异常[8]。胎盘发育或功能异常可引起胎儿慢性缺氧,进一步导致FGR。各种机制导致胎盘血流灌注不足引起的胎盘功能障碍是FGR的主要因素,胎盘介导的FGR是由于胎儿慢性缺氧引起[12]。有深入研究发现,胎盘介导的FGR主要是由于怀孕初期供应胎盘的子宫螺旋动脉重塑不足,胎盘血管灌注不足引起胎盘组织细胞应激,从而导致蛋白质合成的选择性抑制和细胞增殖减少[13]。有文献阐明,诊断为32周以上的晚发型FGR,可能与胎儿慢性缺氧和胎儿神经发育不良的高风险轻度相关,在组织学上表现为子宫胎盘血管病变,比如胎盘梗死、环状胎盘、胎盘血管瘤、胎盘绒毛膜血管瘤、绒毛状或边缘脐带插入以及单脐动脉等[14]。与正常妊娠的胎盘相比,合并FGR的胎盘中,同源盒基因HLX和ESX1L的表达降低,同源盒基因DLX3、DLX4和TGIF-1表达增加[15]。有文献报道,在胎儿生长受限孕妇的胎盘中比正常妊娠孕妇的胎盘中NEAT1 mRNA显著上调,NEAT1 mRNA可能与FGR发生有关[16]

(四)病原体感染因素

孕妇患有感染性疾病,包括疟疾、巨细胞病毒、风疹、弓形虫、水痘、梅毒等与胎儿生长受限有关[17]。与非妊娠妇女相比,孕妇更容易感染恶性疟原虫疟疾,感染程度更严重。怀孕期间感染恶性疟原虫疟疾,主要并发孕妇严重贫血,恶性疟原虫疟疾是胎儿生长受限和早产的危险因素,增加低出生体重儿和新生儿死亡的发生风险[18]。妊娠期疟疾容易导致母体贫血、早产和胎儿死亡等,特别是孕早期感染疟疾,对婴儿以后的远期影响仍是未知且巨大的[19]。感染HIV的孕妇免疫功能低下,会增加发生FGR的风险[20]。多种病原体的宫内感染可导致胎儿生长受限。

二、FGR的孕期监测和管理方法

(一)FGR孕期监测

1.计算胎动次数:

胎儿运动计数可以作为孕妇监测胎儿健康的一种简便方法,尤其是当发生FGR时[21]。胎动计数的感觉是主观的,胎儿运动计数减少,可能与死胎、胎儿生长受限、胎盘功能障碍和胎儿先天性畸形等多种不良妊娠结局有关[22]。死胎死产是毁灭性的妊娠结局,孕妇计算胎动次数是简单廉价的方法,孕妇感知胎儿的运动次数,可有效减少死胎死产率[23]。虽然胎动计数减少对不良妊娠结局的预测价值较低,建议对胎动计数减少的孕妇加强围产期监护,帮助改善母胎结局[24]。孕晚期FGR孕妇计算胎动次数,可一定程度上帮助监测宫内胎儿安危。

2.规律的孕期体格检查:

在常规的产前检查中,宫底高度测量值几乎随胎龄呈线性增加,宫底高度测量仍然是胎儿生长受限的一级筛查方法[25]。宫底高度测量方法检测FGR的准确度随胎龄的增加而增加,对FGR有预测价值[26]。妊娠期间宫底高度测量是必要的,既简便又廉价,建议孕期规律进行宫底高度测量,评估胎儿生长发育,从而改善妊娠结局。

3.胎心监测:

胎心监测是必要的产检方法,建议孕晚期加强对FGR孕妇行胎心监测,及时发现胎儿的异常情况,包括宫内胎儿慢性缺氧等。一项针对妊娠36周孕妇的研究显示,分娩前1 h的FGR胎儿比正常胎儿的胎心监护更容易出现变异减速,而胎儿胎心监护在出现晚期减速、长时间减速、心动过速或心动过缓等方面无明显差异,分娩过程中FGR胎儿行剖宫产的概率明显增加,但新生儿的预后无明显差异[27]

4.超声检查:

对孕期诊断为FGR的患者,应定期进行脐动脉血流多普勒评估[28]。为降低孕晚期的死胎率,可在孕晚期产前检查时行超声筛查FGR,孕35~37周比孕31~34周的超声筛查FGR预测性能更高,孕期超声筛查FGR比测量宫底高度的预测性能更高[29]。2019年的一项荟萃分析发现,超声评估胎儿体重是可用于检测FGR胎儿的最准确的检测方法,但是仍只能检测约50%的FGR[30]。超声检查提示合并脐动脉收缩压/舒张压比值升高的FGR孕妇,建议妊娠至37周分娩,与脐动脉收缩压/舒张压比值正常的FGR孕妇相比较,不增加新生儿合并症的发病率[31]。有文献报道,与早期FGR相比,严重羊水过少是影响晚期FGR胎儿围产期死亡的高危因素,孕晚期应加强FGR胎儿的羊水量监测[32]

5.血清学生化标志物的测定:

妊娠期间筛查血液中不同生化标志物,对胎儿生长受限的诊断和预防有一定意义。有研究发现,检测孕妇血液中的胎盘生长因子对于临床中发现FGR具有很大的潜力[33]。白细胞介素-5、8、10水平与胎儿生长受限、寄生虫感染和低出生体重儿的发生有关[34]。抗磷脂综合征是一种自身免疫性疾病,大约70%抗磷脂综合征的患者是女性,且普遍是育龄妇女,抗磷脂综合征与FGR有关,出现FGR的孕妇可检测抗磷脂抗体水平[35]

6.介入性产前诊断技术:

产前诊断的二代测序技术,是针对胎儿的高灵敏度筛查测试方法,有较高的产前诊断准确性,是产前诊断的未来发展[36]。美国母胎医学学会指出,孕期检测到原因不明的FGR时,可行诊断性羊膜腔穿刺术胎儿染色体微阵列分析等产前诊断检查[35]。孕期原因不明的胎儿生长受限,建议与孕妇和家属沟通,可行产前诊断检查分析胎儿染色体,寻找FGR的病因。

(二)FGR孕期管理

1.饮食和作息:

良好的生活方式可降低妊娠期间胎儿生长受限的发生风险。一项荟萃分析显示,不健康的生活方式包括孕妇吸烟、饮酒、摄入咖啡因、肥胖和营养不足,可影响早期胎盘,改变胎盘发育,导致胎盘血管异常或胎盘的表观遗传改变,导致FGR等不良妊娠结局的风险增加[37]。孕妇吸烟会增加妊娠期间胎儿生长受限的发生风险,建议在妊娠15周之前戒烟[38]。妊娠期间饮酒,增加与之相关的胎儿生长受限风险[39]。有研究认为妊娠期间膳食中增加富含硝酸盐的食物,可有效改善子宫胎盘血流功能和促进胎儿生长,改善FGR的妊娠结局,但目前该有益作用还需更多临床研究证据的支持[40]。在资源贫乏的低收入地区,妊娠期间膳食增加摄入L-精氨酸和L-瓜氨酸,可提高胎盘供血功能,有益于改善FGR的妊娠结局[41]

2.减少基础疾病的影响:

孕妇合并慢性高血压会增加FGR和胎盘早剥的发生风险[42]。妊娠期高血压疾病与单胎妊娠和双胎妊娠的FGR均显著关联,可能归因于胎盘发育异常[43]。尽早发现并控制妊娠期间合并的基础疾病,如支气管哮喘、先天性心脏病、高血压、糖尿病、系统性红斑狼疮、寄生虫感染、肺结核,可有效降低胎儿生长受限的发生率。
FGR是多因素共同影响引起的,不是单一因素引起的妊娠合并症,特别是对于高龄妊娠、合并慢性疾病的孕妇,应尽早根据病因诊断和孕期严密监测,降低胎儿慢性缺氧的风险,最大程度上改善母胎的妊娠结局,改善胎儿的预后。随着更多临床研究的深入探究,FGR的病因有望进一步阐明,孕期监测方法有望进一步完善。
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