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中华产科急救电子杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (04) : 233 -240. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-3259.2025.04.008

论著

严重产后出血683例临床研究
李丽贤1, 陈少荷1, 陈敦金2,()   
  1. 1南方医科大学深圳妇幼保健院产科,深圳 518028
    2广州医科大学第三附属医院产科 广东省产科重大疾病重点实验室 广东省妇产疾病临床医学研究中心 粤港澳母胎医学高校联合实验室,广州 510150
  • 收稿日期:2024-05-07 出版日期:2025-11-18
  • 通信作者: 陈敦金
  • 基金资助:
    广东省医学科学技术研究基金项目(B2024009)

Clinical Analysis of 683 Cases of Severe Postpartum Hemorrhage

Lixian Li1, Shaohe Chen1, Dunjin Chen2,()   

  1. 1Department of Obstetrics, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518028, China
    2Department of Obstetrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Higher Education Joint Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Guangzhou 510150, China
  • Received:2024-05-07 Published:2025-11-18
  • Corresponding author: Dunjin Chen
引用本文:

李丽贤, 陈少荷, 陈敦金. 严重产后出血683例临床研究[J/OL]. 中华产科急救电子杂志, 2025, 14(04): 233-240.

Lixian Li, Shaohe Chen, Dunjin Chen. Clinical Analysis of 683 Cases of Severe Postpartum Hemorrhage[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Obstetric Emergency(Electronic Edition), 2025, 14(04): 233-240.

目的

分析严重产后出血的出血量与出血原因及高危因素的关系,为制定和优化针对性的预防措施提供依据。

方法

采用回顾性研究方法对2018年1月至2022年12月深圳市妇幼保健院收治的683例严重产后出血患者的临床资料进行分析。根据出血量进行分组,A组:1 000~1 499 ml(385例);B组:1 500~2 499 ml(183例);C组:≥2 500 ml(115例)。分析严重产后出血出血原因、产前与产时出血的相关因素、多因素分析以及妊娠不良结局。

结果

683例患者发生严重产后出血的原因,子宫收缩乏力占7.91%(54/683),胎盘因素占38.51%(263/683),软产道裂伤5.42%(37/683),凝血功能异常4.25%(29/683)。A组宫缩乏力255例(66.23%),胎盘因素99例(25.71%);B组宫缩乏力81例(44.26%),胎盘因素81例(44.26%);C组宫缩乏力18例(15.65%),胎盘因素83例(72.17%);宫缩乏力和胎盘因素在各组中比较,差异有统计学意义( χ2=96.478,84.216;P值均<0.001)。单因素分析发现,≥40岁、孕周、孕次(1次)、产次(经产)、宫腔操作次数、剖宫产次数≥1次、辅助生殖技术妊娠、胎盘植入、前置胎盘、妊娠合并子宫瘢痕、分娩方式为剖宫产、分娩前的血红蛋白、纤维蛋白原、血清钙和肌酐水平等15个因素是严重产后出血不同出血量的相关因素。Logistic回归分析显示,胎盘植入(OR=4.386,95%CI:2.765~6.956,P<0.001)、剖宫产次数(OR=1.441,95%CI:1.016~2.043,P<0.05)、辅助生殖技术妊娠(OR=1.512,95%CI:1.047~2.183,P<0.05)、产前纤维蛋白原水平(OR=0.811,95%CI:0.659~0.998,P<0.05)这四个因素是严重产后出血的独立相关因素。随着出血量的增加,需要输血的产妇比例(52.47%、90.71%、100.00%, χ2=144.865)、重症监护病房入住率(18.44%、54.64%、93.04%, χ2=387.123)、失血性休克(0.52%、4.37%、10.43%, χ2=28.988)、子宫切除发生率(0.26%、0、13.91%, χ2=74.392)亦呈递增趋势,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001)。

结论

严重产后出血的主要原因为宫缩乏力,随着出血量的增加,胎盘因素所占比例增加。胎盘植入、剖宫产次数、辅助生殖技术妊娠是发生严重产后出血的独立危险因素;产前纤维蛋白原水平是严重产后出血的保护性因素。早识别、早诊断、早干预和早期综合治疗,才能改善孕产妇的不良预后。

Objective

To analyze the relationship between blood loss volume and the etiologies as well as risk factors of severe postpartum hemorrhage (sPPH), providing a basis for developing and optimizing targeted preventive measures.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted on clinical data from 683 patients with sPPH admitted to Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital between January 2018 and December 2022. Patients were stratified into three groups based on blood loss volume: Group A (1 000~1 499 ml, n=385), Group B (1 500~2 499 ml, n=183), and Group C (≥2 500 ml, n=115). The causes of sPPH, relevant prenatal and intrapartum factors, multivariate analysis, and adverse pregnancy outcomes were analyzed.

Results

Among the 683 sPPH cases, the etiologies were uterine atony (7.91%, 54/683), placental factors (38.51%, 263/683), birth canal laceration (5.42%, 37/683), and coagulopathy (4.25%, 29/683). Group A: 255 cases (66.23%) of uterine atony and 99 cases (25.71%) of placental factors; Group B: 81 cases (44.26%) of uterine atony and 81 cases (44.26%) of placental factors; Group C: 18 cases (15.65%) of uterine atony and 83 cases (72.17%) of placental factors. The differences in the distribution of both uterine atony and placental factors among the groups were statistically significant ( χ2=96.478 and 84.216, respectively; both P<0.001). Univariate analysis identified 15 factors associated with the severity of sPPH: maternal age ≥40 years, gestational age, primigravida, multiparity, history of intrauterine procedures, previous cesarean delivery(≥1), conception via assisted reproductive technology(ART), placenta accreta, placenta previa, pregnancy with uterine scar, cesarean delivery, and pre-delivery levels of hemoglobin, fibrinogen, serum calcium, and creatinine. Logistic regression revealed four independent factors for sPPH: placenta accreta (OR=4.386, 95%CI: 2.765~6.956, P<0.001), number of previous cesarean deliveries (OR=1.441, 95%CI: 1.016-2.043, P<0.05), ART conception (OR=1.512, 95%CI: 1.047~2.183, P<0.05), and pre-delivery fibrinogen level (OR=0.811, 95%CI: 0.659~0.998, P<0.05). As blood loss increased, the rates of blood transfusion (52.47%, 90.71%, 100.00%; χ2=144.865), ICU admission (18.44%, 54.64%, 93.04%; χ2=387.123), hemorrhagic shock (0.52%, 4.37%, 10.43%; χ2=28.988), and hysterectomy (0.26%, 0, 13.91%; χ2=74.392) showed a significant upward trend (all P<0.001).

Conclusions

Uterine atony was the primary cause of sPPH, but the proportion of placental factors increased with greater blood loss. Placenta accreta, number of previous cesarean deliveries, and ART conception were independent risk factors for sPPH, while pre-delivery fibrinogen level served as a protective factor. Early recognition, diagnosis, intervention, and comprehensive management are essential to improve maternal outcomes.

表1 三组严重产后出血患者一般情况比较
表2 三组严重产后出血患者出血原因的比较[例(%)]
表3 683例严重产后出血患者不同分娩方式出血原因的比较[例(%)]
表4 三组严重产后出血患者出血相关因素单因素分析
表5 683例严重产后出血患者出血相关因素有序logistic回归因素表
表6 三组严重产后出血患者妊娠结局比较[例(%)]
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